Case Study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study 2 - Essay Example rs, since the Casino is located on Indian land that falls outside the jurisdiction of the New Mexican Courts and it is the location where the under cooked food was served. She can file on the same grounds of negligence and breach of warranty by a restaurant which sells food to its customers and it can be sued as a third party which caused the sale of contaminated food through its apathy. Robin may have a cause of action against Beauty for trespass and damage to his property in the local District Court at Texas, to claim damages and reimbursement of the cost of the sign which was damaged, since the amount in question is 100000$ and will not fall within the purview of a small claims Court. However, since Beauty was ill when it occurred, the Court may mitigate the damages. However Beauty can also file a counter suit against Robin for bodily assault, and the issue of provocation may also be taken into account by the Court in determining damages, however it will nevertheless mitigate the extent to which beauty may have to reimburse Robin . Beauty can file a suit against Elmer Fudd in the small claims Court in Florida and make a claim on damages caused to the body of her car, in the event that Elmer Fudd is not covered by insurance. The costs of bodywork must be less than 5000$. However, it may also be possible for Elmer Fudd to file a counter claim alleging that he is not responsible for the entire $12,000, since only part of the damage was caused due to his negligence and that he is not responsible for the engine damage. The case against Beasty Boys for recovery of monies Beauty has paid for repair of the car engine could be filed in a small claims court in Delaware where the Company is incorporated, since Delaware state allows for claims up to 15,000$. Beauty could file the suit including the head office in Delaware as well as the local branch of Beasty in Nevada that was responsible for the default. The cause of action would be on the basis of the tort of

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay Example for Free

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay Judaism and Christianity are two of the many religions of the world. Both of these religions can be found in the Middle East. Although they are very similar, they also differ in many ways. People who believe in the Jewish religion are called Jews. Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come. In the world there are about 13 million Jewish followers. Jews go to a synagogue to worship their Messiah. They also read the Torah, which is their Holy Book. Abraham founded Judaism in 1700 B.C.E. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because of the Wailing Wall is located there, (which is the last remnant of the second temple.) Finally, Jews believe that they are the Chosen People and that Israel is the Promise Land. On the other hand you have Christianity, these followers are called Christians. Christians believe that Jesus was the Son of God and the Messiah. They also believe that Jesus suffered and died for peoples sins and then that he rose from the dead. There are over 1,000 million Christian followers all over the world! Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem so they consider Jerusalem to be a Holy City. They also believe in God and read about their religion in a Bible in a Church. Finally, Jesus established Christianity in 4 B.C.E. Now youve learned all about the differences between Judaism and Christianity but now you have to learn the similarities between the two religions. Both religions are monotheistic meaning they have one God who created the universe. Also, both consider Jerusalem a holy city in different ways. Both religions also have a sacred book that they read to discover things of their religion, although these religions have different books they still learn many similar things, and finally, both religions recognize Jesus in some way, either as a prophet or a Messiah. So, as you can see Judaism and Christianity are very similar but also very different.

Both Sides of Capital Punishment Essay -- social issues

Both Sides of Capital Punishment Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent. In today's world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Many believe that these criminals deserve one fate: death. Capital punishment, the death penalty, is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first degree murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very concept provokes a profusion of valid questions and opinions. Today's daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and many citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people quote passages such as the "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. Some people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on capital punishment is valid in its own way. Opponents of the death penalty claim that sentencing a person to death does not change the reality of the situation; the harm already done simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoner's life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to defend their opinion mainly on two grounds: death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the "let the punishment fit the crime" ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the loss of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the individual that committed this act. Many also feel that if an individual can possess the strength and will to take the life of another human being in a planned manner, then they must also in turn be able to face their punishment which could only be a punishment of the same magnitude as the crime they have committed; that being for their life to be ended for the common good. These people feel that, while it is the cruelest pu... ...ng the Revolutionary War, once said, "I shall ask for the abolition of the punishment of death until I have the infallibility of human judgment demonstrated to me." Some radical death penalty opposers even go so far as to claim that those who support such punishment with the excuse of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" are like immature children who continue to insist on the principle of childish payback and petty revenge. They sy that these people did not listen to their mothers when they were told "two wrongs do not make a right." They say these men and women have not grown out of a tendency toward violence and a shunning of the virtues of mercy and forgiveness, in addition to morality. Opposing the death penalty does not mean sympathy with convicted murderers. On the contrary, murder and manslaughter both demonstrate a lack of respect for life. For this very reason, a policy of state-authorized killings is immoral. Criminals no doubt need to be punished, but severity of punishment should have its limits, beginning with the use of human dignity. Governments that respect these limits do not use premeditated and violent homicide as an instrument of keeping the peace. Both Sides of Capital Punishment Essay -- social issues Both Sides of Capital Punishment Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent. In today's world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Many believe that these criminals deserve one fate: death. Capital punishment, the death penalty, is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first degree murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very concept provokes a profusion of valid questions and opinions. Today's daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and many citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people quote passages such as the "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. Some people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on capital punishment is valid in its own way. Opponents of the death penalty claim that sentencing a person to death does not change the reality of the situation; the harm already done simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoner's life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to defend their opinion mainly on two grounds: death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the "let the punishment fit the crime" ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the loss of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the individual that committed this act. Many also feel that if an individual can possess the strength and will to take the life of another human being in a planned manner, then they must also in turn be able to face their punishment which could only be a punishment of the same magnitude as the crime they have committed; that being for their life to be ended for the common good. These people feel that, while it is the cruelest pu... ...ng the Revolutionary War, once said, "I shall ask for the abolition of the punishment of death until I have the infallibility of human judgment demonstrated to me." Some radical death penalty opposers even go so far as to claim that those who support such punishment with the excuse of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" are like immature children who continue to insist on the principle of childish payback and petty revenge. They sy that these people did not listen to their mothers when they were told "two wrongs do not make a right." They say these men and women have not grown out of a tendency toward violence and a shunning of the virtues of mercy and forgiveness, in addition to morality. Opposing the death penalty does not mean sympathy with convicted murderers. On the contrary, murder and manslaughter both demonstrate a lack of respect for life. For this very reason, a policy of state-authorized killings is immoral. Criminals no doubt need to be punished, but severity of punishment should have its limits, beginning with the use of human dignity. Governments that respect these limits do not use premeditated and violent homicide as an instrument of keeping the peace.

Trading Salvation for Personal Gratification in Anna Karenina Essay

Trading Salvation for Personal Gratification in Anna Karenina The epigraph of Anna Karenina: "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord," implies that judgment is a theological entitlement   (Romans, 12:19).   Tolstoy uses both social and moral issues to illustrate his characters' attitudes towards religion.   For Oblonsky, Vronsky, and Karenin, religious values are secondary.   Their lives are devoted to establishing a social position and monetary gain.   Levin finds salvation and happiness because they learn to live for something beyond themselves and devote their lives to spreading the goodness of the Lord.   Like Levin, Anna responds to her emotional instincts, but she is hindered by society's judgment.   Anna distances herself from salvation by seeking only personal gratification in her love affair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oblonsky values his indulgent social life and his occupation above all else.   He lies in direct contrast to Levin, who focuses not on the relentless pursuit of pleasure, but takes joy in his work and devotes himself to his loved ones. Stiva finds meaning in life only from his personal interactions, although he often ignores commitments to his wife and children.   Religion is just another social institution, and he has no relationship with God: "Oblonsky could not bear standing through even a short church service without his feet hurting, and could not understand the point of all those terrible, highfalutin words about the other world when it would be very gay to live in this one too"   (7).   Likewise, Vronsky is totally dedicated to his military career and his status as a high society player.   He pursues Kitty with no intention of marrying her; he deserts her the moment he lays eyes on Anna.   Vronsky seems ... ...piness with the man she loves.   She refuses to get a divorce because she does not want to compromise her son's future. Her character deteriorates when her only goal in life is to keep Vronsky in love with her.   Levin is saved when he learns to live for something beyond himself; Anna moves away from God when she focuses only on keeping the interest of her lover.   She tells Dolly that she has no plans for more children because she fears that her pregnancy will make Vronsky disenchanted with her.   Anna's self-assertion leads her to abandon "faith in God, in goodness as the sole purpose of mankind" and death is the only way for her to escape the world that she sees as full of hate   (849).   Her last words are, "Lord, forgive me for everything!"   (816).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited: Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina, trans. Constance Garnett (New York: The Modern Library, 1993).

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt became president in September 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley making him the most powerful person in the government. As president, Roosevelt advanced political reforms, including the heavy regulation of business. Roosevelt was the first president to successfully invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies and continued to restrict businesses throughout his presidency. His reforms greatly influenced economic, environmental, and international affairs as well. Roosevelt’s platform became known as the â€Å"Square Deal† because he vowed not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all. When Theodore Roosevelt went into office he made it his mission to get everyone what they deserved, a â€Å"square deal. † The square deal meant that everyone had the same equal opportunities. Theodore Roosevelt became one of the most powerful presidents that attacked trusts and corporations to make them just so that everyone could prosper. Methodology: I took many steps in my research. First I was assigned my topic The Square Deal. So I went and opened my history textbook and looked up my topic to get a general meaning of it. My first step was preparing for my research by brainstorming ideas and possible sources for my topic. Also I formed research questions about my focused topic. I narrowed down my topic to make it manageable and planned how I was going to do my research. Next I accessed my resources by deciding what resources would be best, choosing a few primary and secondary sources. After, I processed the information, where I looked closely at the information from my selected sources and decided if they might be helpful towards my assigned topic. For example the main concepts like background information, certain effects from the topic, political views and perspectives. Then I organized the information in different categories, and developed my own ideas about them, which would help me form an outline for my research paper. Results: The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program formed upon four basic ideas of conservation, regulating business monopolies, nforcing the anti-trust act, and supporting progressive ideas. The three C's of his Square Deal were control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. Roosevelt was committed to addressing the problems of labor and corporate activity. Roosevelt defended the right of labor to organize, and avoid the use of federal troops to put down strikes. In 1902, he intervened in a United Mine Workers Strike and helped labor get management to agree to binding arbitration. The arbitrators awarded the miners a wage increase and a shortened workday. Roosevelt also worked to restrict the power of big business by breaking up a monopoly. Also responding to the muckrakers on the unsanitary conditions in food plants and the dangerous ingredients in foods and medicines, Roosevelt endorsed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, both passed in 1906. The first act prohibited the sale of inaccurately labeled foods and medicines, and the second established federal regulations for meatpackers and a system of inspection. Roosevelt was at heart a preservationist, but understood the need for compromise. He achieved this compromise through his conservation program, which provided for the regulated use of the nation’s wilderness. Roosevelt designated 200 million acres as national forests, mineral reserves, and potential waterpower sites, and added five national parks and eighteen national monuments to the list of protected lands. In 1908 Roosevelt created the National Conservation Commission to inventory the nation’s resources and manage their use more efficiently. Having become president shortly after the American victory in the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was confident in America’s status as a major international power and his approach on his foreign policy. Roosevelt’s most notable achievement in foreign policy was the building of the Panama Canal, an artificial waterway stretching through Panama, which was then part of Colombia. Since the canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and vastly shortened shipping routes, Roosevelt saw its creation as important to American economic and maritime interests. These were all major parts of Roosevelt’s Square Deal that made a impact in restoring America. To this day the action which Roosevelt took in the matter is looked upon, by many of those extremists who can’t see anything good in â€Å"big business,† as a proof of his undue sympathy with the capitalist. But thirteen years later the United States Supreme Court in deciding the case against the United States Steel Corporation happened to be in favor of the Corporation, which completely justified Roosevelt's action.

Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement

Human Resource Mangement By: Doug Sheppard Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature. Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisation's investment in an average full-time employee can exceed  £100,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question â€Å"Describe and critically evaluate the key facto rs that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar†, the differences between HRM and the older style ‘Personnel Management’ requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive 'Personnel Management', and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business. The author’s own perspective of this assignment is delivered fr... Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement Free Essays on Human Resource Mangement Human Resource Mangement By: Doug Sheppard Describe and critically evaluate the key factors that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar. On the basis of your analysis identify the main HR challenges currently facing this organisation. Relate your analysis to appropriate literature. Introduction People are an important and expensive resource to a business. This asset has the capacity to be highly productive and generate revenue for the firm, but it also requires much attention and maintenance. When the direct costs of employment are added to the indirect costs of recruitment and selection, training and development, the organisation's investment in an average full-time employee can exceed  £100,000 in a short space of time. Therefore one of the fundamental factors is how to attract the right employee and retain their services, gaining efficiency throughout. Before answering the first part of the question â€Å"Describe and critically evaluate the key facto rs that shape the role and practices of the HR/Personnel function within an organisation with which you are familiar†, the differences between HRM and the older style ‘Personnel Management’ requires defining. Human Resource Management HRM can be defined as any part of the management structure that relates to people at work. It involves everything from recruitment to training to performance appraisal and overall employee welfare. HRM is originally an American management term that has taken over from the more restrictive 'Personnel Management', and denotes a more proactive and business-focused role, with an emphasis on good communication and staff commitment, more flexible work practices, and performance-related reward systems. leavingcert.net/. Once considered a more peripheral activity, HRM has now moved to the core of the business. The author’s own perspective of this assignment is delivered fr...

History of the Second Congo War

History of the Second Congo War The first phase of the Second Congo War led to a stalemate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On one side were Congolese rebels backed and guided by Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. On the other side were both Congolese paramilitary groups and the government, under the leadership of  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila, backed by Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, the Sudan, Chad, and Libya.   A Proxy War By September 1998, a month after the Second Congo War had begun, the two sides were at a stalemate. The pro-Kabila forces controlled the West and central part of the Congo, while the anti-Kabila forces controlled the east and part of the north.   Much of the fighting for the next year was by proxy. While the Congolese military (FAC) continued to fight, Kabila also supported Hutu militias in rebel territory as well as pro-Congolese forces known as  Mai Mai. These groups attacked the rebel group,  Rassemblement Congolais pour la Dà ©mocratie  (RCD), which was largely made up of Congolese Tutsis and was supported, initially, by both Rwanda and Uganda.  Uganda also sponsored a second rebel group in the northern Congo, the  Mouvement pour la  Libà ©ration du Congo (MLC).   In 1999, a Failed Peace In late June, the major parties in the war met at a peace conference in Lusaka, Zambia. They agreed to a ceasefire, exchange of prisoners, and other provisions to bring about peace, but the not all of the rebel groups were even at the conference and others refused to sign. Before the agreement even became official, Rwanda and Uganda split, and their rebel groups began fighting in the DRC. The Resource War One of the most significant show downs between Rwandan and Ugandan troops was in the city of Kisangani, an important site in the Congo lucrative diamond trade. With the war stretching on, the parties began focusing on gaining access to the Congos wealth of riches: gold, diamonds, tin, ivory, and coltan. These conflict minerals made the war profitable for all involved in their extraction and sale, and extended the misery and danger for those who were not, mainly women. Millions died of hunger, disease, and a lack of medical care.  Women were also systematically and brutally raped. Doctors in the region came to recognize the trademark wounds left by the torture methods used by the different militias. As the war became more and more overtly about profit, the various rebel groups all began fighting among each other. The initial divisions and alliances that had characterized the war in its earlier stages dissolved, and fighters took what they could.  The United Nations sent in peacekeeping forces, but they were inadequate for the task. The Congo War Officially Draws to a Close In January 2001,  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards, and his son, Joseph Kabila, assumed the presidency.  Joseph Kabila proved more popular internationally than his father, and the DRC soon received more aid than formerly. Rwanda and Uganda were also cited for their exploitation of the Conflict minerals and received sanctions. Finally, Rwanda was losing ground in the Congo. These factors combined to slowly bring about a decline in the Congo War, which officiall ended in 2002 in peace talks in Pretoria, South Africa. Again, not all of the rebel groups participated in the talks, and the eastern Congo remained a troubled zone. Rebel groups, including the Lords Resistance Army, from neighboring Uganda, and fighting between groups continued for more than a decade.   Resources and Further Reading Prunier, Gerald.  .Africa’s World War: The Congo, Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe  Oxford University Press: 2011.Van Reybrouck, David.  Congo: The Epic History of a People. Harper Collins, 2015.

Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Essays

Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Essays Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Paper Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Paper General problem statement In an effort to meet the demand of the Vietnamese alluding materials market, Construction and Materials Trading Company is involved greatly in the international trade. Profit from materials trading makes up approximately 75 percent of CENTs total profit. In CENT company, the imports of Steel such as Steel Beams, Steel Plate, Steel Sheet Often create account payable in foreign currency (US dollar) with the suppliers. The sales of these commodities often create account receivables in home currency (VEND) with domestic buyers. Therefore, the company suffers from transaction risks during its steel trading process from the beginning of the purchase made until the moment is settled. According to CENTs management, the transaction exposure loss rarely happens, and is considered insignificant because the State Bank of Vietnam uses many mechanisms to support stability tot the VEND/USED exchange rate. Therefore, there were only minor transactions, which were hedged in the past The hedging strategy used is only limited with the price decisions tool. However, it is a necessary task for the company to design a flexible hedging strata% with different hedging tools. A proper hedging strategy can help the company to deal with the risk of exchange rate volatility in different stages of the economic cycle. Thus, the research would like to analyze other currency hedging tools which are possible to implement at CENT company, and design a suitable hedging strategy for the company for the long-term. There are two aspects of the research problem: I. The influences Of Vietnam dong fluctuation against US dollar to the accounts payable of CENT over the last five years. 2. Determine which hedging tools are available for the company, and design a suitable hedging strategy for the company for the long-term. 2. Research objectives A company is subject to transaction exposure whenever there are achievable or payable in foreign currency denominations. The hedging concept in managing transaction exposure is to be able to reduce the risk from currency fluctuations. In the end, the research will be performed as an input for further improvement at CENT. According to that, the research Objectives Of this thesis are: 1. Acknowledgement of how CENT handle transaction exposure derived from the foreign exchange rate fluctuations Of Vietnam dong against LIST dollar currency. 2. Study the hedging strategies available which CENT may possibly implement to reduce risks from the exchange rate fluctuations. 3. Provide alternative choices or CENT hedging strategies in managing transaction exposures. 3. Scope of the thesis The thesis aims to identify the effect of foreign exchange fluctuation on the profit of some Steel import contracts of Construction and Material Trading company. The timeshare of the study is limited to the last five years, starting with year 2006 and ending with year 2010, depending on the availability, and reliability of the data. In this thesis, the author only has allowance to show certain parts of information that was given why the company because it is confidential. The data are collected trot the Import- Export sales department No. F CENT company, and focuses on Steel import contracts and relevant documents. The foreign exchange rate used in this thesis is the rate offered by Vietnamese, not the foreign exchange rate in the black market, It is assumed that the company can approach the US Dollar source at banks. 4. Methodology The methodology used to accomplish the objective, is by doing a literature study, collecting primary and secondary data, processing the data, performing inductive and explanatory research, and analyzing the result. Literature study. o deepen knowledge about foreign exchange risk, and the overview of the Vietnamese foreign exchange market. Collecting data- From the reported data provided by the company, specialized reference books, information from newspapers, magazines, internet, and some research related to the topic. Processing the data- through these methods. Statistics by tables, charts, formula: statistics to find out common characteristics of analyzed factors, Comparison methods: compare the same kind of numbers to find the increasing and decreasing in each year, Methods of Experts: consult the experts. S. The organization of the thesis The thesis would be divided into three chapters which consist of: CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter explains theories Enid the analysis done in this thesis, the overview of the foreign exchange market, and the derivatives market in Vietnam. CHAPTER 2: RISK ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTION This chapter gives a brief overview regarding the company, detailed analysis of the transaction exposure in the last five years as well as the current hedging tool of the company. CHAPTER 3 DESIGNING HEDGING STRATEGY This chapter includes some available hedging tools, and long-term hedging strategy for the company and recommendations for the State Bank Of Vietnam to manage the derivatives market. CHAPTER 1- LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1. Import 1. 1-1. Definition of importing Importing is the purchasing side of trade and takes place when one region acquires goods or services trot another region. Importing is linked with international trade and generally is distinguished from trade within a specific nation because importing involves government regulation. (Importing n. D. I The benefits and drawbacks of importing a, Benefits Many economists, businesses, and politicians continue to rely on the principle of comparative advantage and it still influences import theories and policies Consequently, countries continue to import products because they can obtain them less expensively abroad. In addition, given the technology, labor costs, government incentives, and subsidies of different countries, one country may be able to produce goods more efficiently than Other countries. Hence, Other countries Will seek to import these goods because of price and perhaps quality advantages. For example, Other countries import Robusta Coffee from Vietnam, While Vietnam imports Machinery from other countries such as Japan and China. Importing allows countries to achieve higher standards Of living by obtaining products and resources that cannot be obtained domestically. For example, in order or the Vietnam to maintain its standard of living, it must import petrol, since the country cannot produce a sufficient amount to satisfy consumer demand. B. Drawbacks Many economists and governments believe that importing goods can lead to the erosion of their national economies- especially when imports exceed exports. Importing goods poses other problems such as the tacit acceptance of social values that conflict with domestic values, Importing goods from countries that pay low wages, for instance, can cripple domestic industries that cannot compete because they have a minimum wage, obligations to labor unions, and 50 forth, Furthermore, importing cheap goods, especially textiles, from countries that force employees- even children- to work in sweatshop conditions overlooks the type of treatment of employees that many countries condemn. 1. 2. Foreign exchange market An exchange rate is a price Of one currency against another currency. The foreign exchange market is a market in which national currencies are bought and sold against one another. The foreign exchange market is an over the counter market because the market players are located in the major commercial banks around the world. The foreign exchange market comprises orientations among four groups of participants: dealers, brokers, customers and central banks (Morris Goldstein, 1993). Two fundamental types of the exchange rates (Gaur Agrarian, 2010) : D Spot exchange rate : This refers to the price of foreign exchange in terms of domestic money payable for the immediate delivery of particular foreign currency. It is an existing or day-to-day exchange rate. Forward exchange rate : There are several future transactions whose delivery would be made sometime in the future. The rates at which these transactions are consummated are called as forward rate of exchange. It is the rate fulfilling the agreement between two parties based on future delivery of goods. I Exchange rate determinants The exchange rate, just like commodities, determines its price responding to the forces of supply and demand. Therefore, if for some reason people increase their demand for a specific currency, then the price will rise, provided the supply remains stable and vice versa, Some of the factors that influence currency supply and demand are inflation rates, interest rates, economic growth, and political and economic risks. Furthermore, international parity conditions describe the core financial theories rounding the determination of exchange rates. This economic theory links exchange rates, price levels and interest rates together. The international parity conditions encompassed: Purchasing Power Parity (POP) 1. 3. . 1. Absolute Purchasing Power Parity In it absolute version, purchasing power parity states that price levels should be equal worldwide when expressed in a common currency. However, absolute Purchasing Power Parity ignores the effects on free trade of transportation costs, tariffs, quotas and other restrictions and product differentiation (Alan Shapiro, 2009) 1. 3. 1. 2. Relative Purchasing Power parity The relative version of purchasing power parity states that the exchange rate between the home currency and any foreign currency will adjust to reflect changes in the price levels of the two countries. Alan C,Shapiro, 2009) Formally, if ii and if are the rates of inflation for the home country and the foreign country, respectively; e is the home currency value of one unit of foreign currency at the beginning of the period; and el is the spot exchange rate in period 1, then 13. 2. Interest Rate Parity theory (RIP) According to interest rate parity theory, the runners if the country with a lower interest rate should be at a foamed premium in terms Of the currency Of the country With the higher rate. More specifically, in an efficient market with no transaction cost, the interest differential should be (approximately) equal to the forward differential. Interest rate parity holds when there are no covered interest arbitrage opportunities. According to Alan C. Shapiro, (2009) this no-arbitrage condition can be stated as follows: re: represents the nominal rate of home currency RFC: represents the nominal rate Of foreign currency FL :the forward rate at time O for delivery Of one unit Of foreign runners at time 1. 4. Foreign exchange risk and foreign exchange exposures 1-4. 1. Foreign exchange risk Maurice D. Levi defined foreign exchange risk as the variance of the domestic currency value of assets, liabilities, or operating incomes that is attributable to unanticipated changes in foreign exchange rates. By definition, foreign exchange risk depends on the exposure, as well as the variability of the unanticipated changes in the relevant exchange rate. Foreign exchange risk is related to the variability of domestic currency values of assets or liabilities due to unanticipated changes in exchange rate. (Maurice D. Levi, 2008, as cited in Thumbnail Caddish, 2009, up. 127) 1. 4. 2, Foreign exchange exposure Maurice D. Levi also define the meaning tot foreign exchange exposure. It is shown that exposure is a measure of the sensitivity of changes in domestic currency values of assets, liabilities or operating incomes to unanticipated changes in exchange rates (Maurice D. Levi, 2009, up. 283) Figure I Types Of Foreign Exchange Exposure Foreign Exchange Exposure Economic exposure Translation exposure Transaction exposure Operating exposure Alan Shapiro (2005) categorized foreign exchange exposure onto economic exposure and translation exposure (see Figure 1. 1), 0 Economic exposure refers to potential changes in all future cash flows of a firm that result from unanticipated changes in exchange rates. Economic exposure may further be classified into transaction exposure and operating exposure. Transaction exposure refers to potential changes in the value of contractual future cash flows, or monetary assets and liabilities, resulting from changes in the exchange rate. Operating exposure, on the other hand, represents the potential changes in the value of monetary or real assets and liabilities due to unanticipated hangs in exchange rates. Translation exposure is also knows as accounting exposure. It arises when items of financial statements that are stated in foreign currencies are restated in the home currency of an multinational corporation. Table 1. 1.Comparison of translation, transaction and operating exposure Comparison of translation, transaction and operating exposure Translation Exposure Operating Exposure Changes in income statement items and Changes in the amount of future the book value of balance sheet assets operating cash flows caused by an and liabilities that are caused by an exchange gains or losses re determined exchange rate change, The resulting by changes in the firms future exchange gains and losses are competitive position and are real. The determined by accounting rules and are measurement of operating exposure is paper only. The measurement tot prospective in nature as it is based on accounting exposure is retrospective in future activities. Nature as it is based on activities that occurred in the past Impact: Balance sheet assets and Impact: Revenues and costs associated liabilities and income statement items with future sales. That already exist. Exchange rate change occurs Impacts: Contracts already enter into, to be settled at a later date Transaction exposure Changes in the value of outstanding foreign-currency-denominated contracts (i. E, contracts that give rise to the future foreign currency cash flows) that are brought about by an exchange rate change. The resulting exchange gains and losses are determined by the nature of the contracts already entered into and are real. The measurement petrifaction exposure mixes the retrospective and protective because it is based on activities that occur rest in the past but will be settles in the future. Contracts already on the balance sheet are part of accounting exposure, whereas contracts not yet on the balance sheet are part Of operating exposure. Source: Alan C. Shapiro (5th). (2005) Foundations of multinational financial management (up,252) I Transaction exposures and managing transaction exposures 1. . 1. Transaction exposure According to Thumbnail Caddish (2009). Transaction exposure refers to potential changes in the value of contractual cash flows that arise due to unexpected changes in the foreign exchange rate. It is a measure of the sensitivity of the home currency value of assets and liabilities in foreign currency to unanticipated changes in exchange rates, According to Henry L _ Boneshaker (2002), transaction exposure arises from: 0 Borrowing or lending funds when repayment is to be made in a foreign currency. II Purchasing or selling on credit goods or services whose prices are stated in foreign currencies. C Being a party to an unperformed foreign exchange forward contract. I] Acquiring assets or incurring liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. 1. 512. Managing transaction exposures I _5. 2. 1. Identify the degree Of exposures After identified the types Of risk Which a company is exposed to, the next crucial step in a companys risk management session is the risk measurement. According to Southwestern Thomson Learning (2003), to measure the transaction exposure a company should project the net amount of inflows and outflows in each foreign currency and determine the overall risk of exposures to those currencies. (South,Western Thomson Learning, 2003, as cited in Yakima Nor Anis , 2008, pop) . 1. 5. 2. 2. Make decision on hedging the exposures The decision whether to hedge or not required a depth analysis. The company needs to consider to what extend a company are willing to take the risk, whether the company has the risk adverse attitude or not. The gains and losses should be compared with the existing exposure and the predetermined exchange rate budget, which has been agreed by the management. The companys level of certainty whether a specific event will occur or not also determine the risk management decision. A company can decide to do northing or to hedge its exposure. (Yakima Nor Anis , 2008, pop) I _5. 2,3. Choose a hedging technique 10 According to Alan C. Shapiro (2005), there are many techniques by Which the firms can manage their transaction exposure. These techniques can be broadly divided in to hedging techniques and operational techniques. Hedging refers to taking an offsetting position in order to lock in the home currency value for the currency exposure, eliminating the risk arising from changes in the exchange rate. The important hedging techniques are forwards/futures. Money market hedges. Options and swaps. Operational techniques include exposure netting leading and lagging and currency of invoicing. Figure 1. 2- Hedging techniques to manage transaction exposure Managing transaction exposure Hedging techniques Operational techniques Netting and offsetting Currency of invoicing Leading and lagging Forwards and future Money market hedge Swaps Options 1. 5. 2. 3. 1. Hedging techniques The Derivatives Market is meant as the market where exchange Of derivatives takes place. Derivatives are one type Of securities whose price is derived from the underlying assets. And value of these derivatives is determined by the fluctuations in the underlying assets. These underlying assets are most commonly stocks, bonds, currencies, interest rates, commodities and market indices. The Derivatives can be classified as Future Contracts, Foamed Contracts, Options, Swaps and Credit Derivatives. (Meaning Derivatives Market, n. D. . (i) Forward The forward market involves contracting today for the future purchase or sale of foreign exchange. Forward contact is a legally binding agreement between two parties calling for the sale of an asset or product in the future at a price agreed upon today. The forward contract cannot be traded in the stock exchange but they are traded among financial institutions or between financial institutions and its clients. Forward contract is tailor made on its currency rate, delivery date and the amount involved which is negotiated by the party involved in the contract. The forward contract value is equal zero but the future rate is changing and the livery price is fixed. Therefore, there is a possibility for gain or losses realized on the settlement date from the exchange rate fluctuation. Awkward contacts are the most common means of hedging transactions in foreign currencies because Of its simplicity. The trouble With forward contracts, however, is that they require future performance, and sometimes one party is unable to perform on the contract. When that happens, the hedges disappears, sometimes at great cost to the hedger. IIS Futures In contrast to foamed contract, a futures contract has standardized features on its contract size, delivery date, daily resettlement ND so forth. Futures are exchange trade which means traded on organized exchanges rather than over the counter. A client desiring a position in futures contracts contacts his broker, who transmits the order to the exchange floor where it is transferred to the trading floor. In the trading floor, the price for order is negotiated by open outer between floor brokers or traders. Futures recognized the gain and losses daily because its daily resettlement features. Frequently, a futures exchange may have a daily price limit on the futures price, that is, a limit as to how much the settlement price can increase or decrease form he previous days settlement price. Nevertheless, futures only allow companies to hedge approximately because futuresÐ’Â « standardized instruments on its contract size, delivery date and so forth, In addition, due to marking to market property, there are interim cash flows prior to the maturity date of the futures contract that may have to be invested at uncertain interest rates. As result, exact hedging would be be difficult. (iii) Option An option contract is a type of contract agreement which give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell or buy underlying asset in a redeeming price during a certain period of time in the future, A person who buys an option contract pays a premium to the options seller to compensate the ability of setting the floor or ceiling price decision. The option holder has the right not to exercise the contract it the market price moves outside the projected rate. There are two types of options, American and European. American option can be exercised anytime during the contract validity. European option only can be exercised at the maturity date, Option does not have standardized features and made according to the companys specific needs. Option also differentiated as: C Call Option, which is an option to buy an underlying asset, A company exercises the call option fifth spot rate is in the money position, in this case when the spot rate is bigger than the exercise price. Put Option, which is an option to sell an underlying asset. A company exercises the put option it the exercise price is bigger than the spot rate. In hedging using options, options with its premium is considered more expensive because of its flexibility in the tailor made value. Options are particularly suited as a hedging tool for contingent scofflaws, for example in bidding processes. (iv) Hedging with swap contracts A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange a cash flow in one currency against a cash flow in another currency according to predetermined terms and conditions, to put it differently, a swap agreement requires periodic payments from one party to the other party in order to safeguard against unfavorable exchange rate movements. A firm Which expects certain cash flows in a foreign currency in the future may enter into a swap contract in order to hedge those cash flows against foreign exchange rate fluctuation. Currency swap are generally seed to hedge long-term transaction exposures. (v) Money market Money market strategy for hedging involved the investing and borrowing in the currency market. The company can invest in the loan in the short term investment such as buying securities or deposit in a bank. For example, a company hedges a receivable by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in the home currency and hedges a payable by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in the foreign currency. The implementation of money market hedge for payable is explained as below steps: C Define how much is the liabilitiessize t the due rate. C] Define the present value Of the payable With the foreign currency deposit interest rate, and then covert it to the home currency. Loan the money in the home currency, covert it in the foreign currency, and invest in the foreign currency deposit. At the due date, the deposit will cover the exact amount of the payable in the foreign currency. CLC The cash outflow at the due date is exactly the same amount as the loan plus interest rate a company had. Therefore, the company can avoid the loss possibility for the exchange rate fluctuation if the home currency depreciated against the foreign currency. The sot attractive feature from money market hedge is its liquidity.

Is Religion The Controlled Manipulation Of Humanity's Potential To Essay

Is Religion The Controlled Manipulation Of Humanity's Potential To Freely Enter A Relationship With The Transcendent - Essay Example This has in turn resulted into an establishment of transcendental diplomacy in many societies. It is worth pointing out that this type of diplomacy is not founded on ‘power’. As a result, the elements and compounds involved happen to be not a part of ‘power’. Through all the centuries, there exist some slight efforts to fully comprehend this subject matter (Thomas 264). In present time, human beings are yet to decide if they are ready to establish such type of transcendental diplomacy. It will be a long time since we are capable of approaching this end. In all probability, it will take certain individuals to get to this end who happen to have developed evolutionary changes towards such kind of thoughts. With such kind of high expectation, this might happen only if human beings succeed in embracing and taking advantage of science and technology. It is through this that they will be capable of bringing changes to their own body and mind. The result will be a s trengthened transcendental attribute towards them, while been able to grow seeds of improved human beings. Besides, the subject matter has to correspond to the materialization of their expectations in the distant future. There is a belief among all religions that they will be able to achieve transcendental attributes while the messengers appointed while be able to achieve the fore mentioned goals. There has been an order of divine prophets, teachers, and guardians from Adam, Moses, and Jesus to Muhammad. Their presence in the present time is still felt and will continue till the end of time. Additionally, in different times and places, the achievements of their divine manifestations will be enhanced. These divine manifestations will happen to be apostles with divine sense of authority (Thomas 264). Consequently, all these religions will successively lean on the same procession towards transcendence and flawlessness. With many courses of human endeavors to conform within social laws and regulations, the efforts of these prophets and teachers happen to be more noticeable. The messenger (savior) of Christianity happens to be a perfect manifestation of all former religious thoughts and sophisticated inheritance of laws and regulations from previous religions. In the end this happens to be the turning point of this evolution. Disappointed through some wrongful commentaries and interpretations have been made by the so called religious scholars. The valuable commandments have been distorted to the extent that some preachers have been heard insinuating that religions have been decorated and distorted to the extent that if one was to go back a century he won’t be able to recognize his own religion. Christianity point of view to some problems happens to be consistent and integrated, with learned individuals tends to believe that accurate Christianity laws are similar to scientific laws and should stay unchangeable. It should be noted that these same laws were cre ated on the same basis of humankind nature and thus should be compatible with all state and behavior of individuals (Thomas 264). Nonetheless, religious jurists tend to note on the fundamental principles of religions in a detailed manner. In addition, these notes have been the main reason behind the introduction of various decisions in religions and the reason behind their existing differences. Recent jurisprudential methods among various sections of Catholics and Protestants and the mode of reasoning of canon lawyers related to the above sects with regards to reasonability of their sources happen to be quite different. This is the

Operations Management in Southwest Airlines Essay

Operations Management in Southwest Airlines - Essay Example Southwest Airlines is an example for all of us because it has made tremendous progress by using techniques to improve upon its operations management. It is using its operations management to achieve competitive edge over its competitors. The company uses techniques like e ticketing, faster between flight services, increasing number of seats in planes, flying shorter routes, efficient service of planes, more flight hours by pilots, unique hiring method, and preparation before starting new flights, and less waiting time for planes in order to achieve competitive edge over other airlines.E-Ticketing Southwest Airlines was the first airline in the world to use e-ticketing way back in 1994 (Air Treks, 2011). This initiative of Southwest Airlines has helped them a lot in saving costs related to paper. Also e ticketing has decreased the time required for passengers to board the plan and due to online ticketing checking time of passengers have decreased significantly. All these are the benef its of e ticketing.The company also encourages passengers to use e ticketing because of the advantages of this service. Customers are also charged a nominal fee for the service so this is a win win situation for everyone. Being the pioneer in e ticketing the company has also earned a reputation of serving its customers in a better way by using technology. The clerical work is also highly reduced by issuing tickets online. The system does all the work reducing the number of employees needed for the ticketing purpose. Paper tickets would take physical work as well so that is why it is not desirable. The cost effectiveness of Southwest Airlines is preserved in this way. Southwest Airlines flies domestically only so it is very important that it offers quick services to its customers. Mostly domestic flying passengers are in quite a hurry and that is why e ticketing compliments the clientele of Southwest Airlines. Passengers can book their flights before coming to the airport. By using e ticketing the company has increased efficiency of its operations. Between Flights Time Another operational method used by Southwest Airlines to increase its cost effectiveness is less time taken between flights. By decreasing time between flights Southwest Airlines fly more flights in a day. The time between flights is decreased by quick cleaning services and faster checking out of passengers. Southwest Airlines is famous for quick boarding and off boarding of passengers. Passengers are immediately off boarded as soon as the plan reaches the desired destination. This allows planes to fly more than other competitors in a day. Employees at different

Conclusion for my project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conclusion for my project - Essay Example Dark tourism therefore has a history which attracts both history makers and curious people to these sites of history. Looking at Prague, The Church of SS Cyril and Methodius are good historical sites and these two have been voted as the best tourist destinations in the Czech Republic leave alone the aspect of being in Prague (Hannam & Knox, 2010, p. 28). This is because they acted as a refuge centre for assassins of ReichsprotektorHeydrich. In these places, the Germans outnumbered their enemies forcing them (enemies) to take their own lives by shooting themselves. That was in 1942 during the Second World War (Martina, 2011, p. 79). The two names centres are not the only ones in Prague that contribute to its tourism. Apparently the increased demand dark tourism has been boosted by the number of dark tourism centres in Prague. This is because the more the number of dark tourist centres, the richer the history of the town. Some other centres in the town that must have an applied history that is need knowledge for so many people are: Due to this, the statement of the research question would be that; the many dark tourism centres in Prague contain a rich history of past happenings and therefore have increased the demand for dark tourism in the town. The aim of this research is to relate the history contained in each of the dark tourism centres to the increased demand in dark tourism in Prague. This is because each centre has got its own history and there are also different types of tourists that visit the place for their knowledge. It is therefore important that the ability of the sites to attract tourists must be indicated as a cause for the increased demand of the tourists in Prague. The reason for choosing this research topic is that dark tourism is a fast-growing niche of the global tourism market. There is a lot of potential in this niche market because people will be always fascinated and

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International case 2 - Essay Example It operates in about seventy countries in the world. They incorporate the use of technology and innovation with the intention of building energy for future sustainability. The company aims at meeting energy demand across the entire world in a responsible manner in terms of economic, environmental, and social aspects. The company is committed to ethics and requirements of corporate social responsibility. In Nigeria, Oliver (2014) narrated that the company was involves in corruption scandal of $ 1.1 billion. Investors and stockholders were furious on the modalities the company had employed in Nigeria concerning how the capital was spent. The deal was perceived to be a shadow one as it was considered not only bad for the people of Nigeria as a developing country but for business as well. Corruption is considered unethical in the climate of corporate social responsibility (John, 2012). The reputation of the company was tainted and this would reflect on its performance. That was an issue that the shareholders would not sit by and watch since a drop in performance was tantamount to have a significant effect on their share value. Earlier this year, Miroslav (2015) illuminated that the government of Slovakia had contemplated enacting a law that was deemed anti-Shell due to the scandal related to the health procurement. The scandal outraged the citizens since the healthcare sector was one o f the most corrupt sectors in Slovakia. If this law is enacted then the value of the shareholders of the company is likely to drop. The other countries where the multinational corporation in discussion have faced similar corruption scandal are in the US, UK, and Ireland. Diseye (2014) explained that the company also was accused of double standards in its commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) especially in countries where there are no strict laws. According to FOE (Friends of the Earth), Shell disregarded the environment, as well as the

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International case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International case 2 - Essay Example It operates in about seventy countries in the world. They incorporate the use of technology and innovation with the intention of building energy for future sustainability. The company aims at meeting energy demand across the entire world in a responsible manner in terms of economic, environmental, and social aspects. The company is committed to ethics and requirements of corporate social responsibility. In Nigeria, Oliver (2014) narrated that the company was involves in corruption scandal of $ 1.1 billion. Investors and stockholders were furious on the modalities the company had employed in Nigeria concerning how the capital was spent. The deal was perceived to be a shadow one as it was considered not only bad for the people of Nigeria as a developing country but for business as well. Corruption is considered unethical in the climate of corporate social responsibility (John, 2012). The reputation of the company was tainted and this would reflect on its performance. That was an issue that the shareholders would not sit by and watch since a drop in performance was tantamount to have a significant effect on their share value. Earlier this year, Miroslav (2015) illuminated that the government of Slovakia had contemplated enacting a law that was deemed anti-Shell due to the scandal related to the health procurement. The scandal outraged the citizens since the healthcare sector was one o f the most corrupt sectors in Slovakia. If this law is enacted then the value of the shareholders of the company is likely to drop. The other countries where the multinational corporation in discussion have faced similar corruption scandal are in the US, UK, and Ireland. Diseye (2014) explained that the company also was accused of double standards in its commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) especially in countries where there are no strict laws. According to FOE (Friends of the Earth), Shell disregarded the environment, as well as the

Definition of Market Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Market Leader - Essay Example There are three major types of Market Leaders. Market leaders that are concentrated highly on operational brilliance comes under the first category. Wal-Mart is the best example of a company that focuses more on its operational excellance. It is a company devoted to provide low to reasonable prices with high class services. Corporations that zilch in on product leadership comes under the second category of Market Leaders. Firms like Intel, Microsoft, and Nike deals with the finest products in their target markets and continue to improvise their originality to keep themselves on top of their competitors every year (Delery, Doty, 1996, 802). Customer intimacy is another tool to attain a top ranking in the market. Firms that emphasize on customer intimacy works exhaustly to provide best possible solutions to their customers on. Nordstrom is a worthy example of a company whose business works over the concept of customer intimacy. Market leaders gets many advantages due to their huge mark et share that their competitors can only dream of. They generally get premium price for their products due to their brand strength. They enjoy lower product costs, longer product cycle and smaller sales cycle due to market responsiveness to their product lines. On the other side, All customers do not have high purchasing power, therefore market leaders’ product lines faces increased amount of market threats. Makrket leaders have to update their products on frequent basis to counter with piracy and their competitors.

The Evil of Modern Technology Essay Example for Free

The Evil of Modern Technology Essay â€Å"Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. † Daniel 12:4 Here I am, sitting in a house heated by a gas/forced air furnace, illuminated by an incandescent bulb, writing down my thoughts on a computer screen, accessing the internet by a wireless connection and weighing in against modern technology. I will be the first to tell you, however, that I don’t want to go back to the way it was, even a few decades ago, when I shivered over a lone heat register in the kitchen, pounded out my writing assignments on an ancient typewriter with a faded ribbon, waiting for my water to boil on a gas stove and my cinnamon toast to bake in the oven. Daily life has been so revolutionized by a steady progression of technological improvements that few of us can imagine living any other way. Conveniences have become such necessities that anyone who has no microwave, cell phone or digital alarm clock is considered deprived. Man’s inventive genius continues to prolifically breed new technologies, and with each new technology, a cottage industry springs up to feed, clothe and shelter it. Computers have generated software, music, movies, photo-shopping and enough peripheral gadgetry to fill a catalog. With the cell phone came personal ringers, phone cameras, text messaging, GPS capabilities, internet access, ebooks, and on and on. Automobiles can now do much more than transport passengers. They can pamper, comfort, entertain, advise, warn and tell drivers how to get to their destination. We now foresee the day when we won’t even have to steer the machine down the highway. There seems to be no end to our fertile imaginations. But I am haunted by the words of an old evangelist. He said, â€Å"Man will never hold out long enough morally to do what he wants to do scientifically. Even as we mount up to the heavens in the space age, we mire down in the mud of sin and shame. † I see this chilling prediction coming true before our very eyes and ears in the twenty-first century. Our heads cannot out-smart our hearts. Something is insanely wrong with all of this progress. Not only have promises of utopia not materialized for the bulk of civilization, in many cases we have regressed back to prehistoric levels. We have not eliminated murder; we have made murder easier. We have not eliminated theft; we have made stealing easier. We have not eliminated racism; we have made racism easier. We have not eliminated pornography; we have made pornography easier. Inherent within the new technologies we find all the old maladies. Good things undeniably come from our scientific and technological breakthroughs. Unfortunately, these developments have also been subverted for evil purposes. Indeed, the evil we have enabled may end up canceling out the good we have created in society at large. The most obvious example of this is nuclear technology. The fascinating capabilities of nuclear fission for energy also gave rise to the most destructive weapon ever invented. Regardless of how atomic weaponry is used—whether for defensive purposes or aggressive military action—the fact remains that it is used to kill and destroy. Other scientific discoveries have also been channeled into military uses, like rocketry, aerodynamics, fiber optics, laser beams, radar, modulated radio and television signals, satellites, etc. If it helps, we can make it hurt. If it heals, we can make it injure. If it does good, we can make it do bad. This position has been argued in philosophical terms as well. Regent University’s website on communication contains this paragraph: â€Å"Whether one accepts the neutrality of technology depends on one’s valuing philosophy—whether one tends toward the pragmatic and situational, or the absolute and authoritarian. Those who believe that technology is neutral argue that â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people do†, or that a knife can be used to â€Å"cook, kill, or cure. Those who believe the opposite counter with evidence that technology cannot be evaluated in a vacuum. Monsma (1986) argued for the â€Å"value-ladenness† of technology (chapter 3). He based his premise on two traits that he believed are common to all technological developments: (1) technological objects are unique; they are designed to function in a particular and limited way, and (2) technological objects are intertwined with their environment; they interact in unique ways with the rest of reality. † In medical science we can find an alarming example of the limits of technology. Jerome Groopman wrote an article in the New Yorker Magazine, August 11, 2008, entitled â€Å"Superbug: The new generation of resistant infections is almost impossible to treat. † He said, â€Å"In August, 2000, Dr. Roger Wetherbee, an infectious-disease expert at New York University’s Tisch Hospital, received a disturbing call from the hospital’s microbiology laboratory. At the time, Wetherbee was in charge of handling outbreaks of dangerous microbes in the hospital, and the laboratory had isolated a bacterium called Klebsiella pneumoniae from a patient in an intensive-care unit. It was literally resistant to every meaningful antibiotic that we had,† Wetherbee recalled recently. The microbe was sensitive only to a drug called colistin, which had been developed decades earlier and largely abandoned as a systemic treatment, because it can severely damage the kidneys. â€Å"So we had this report, and I looked at it and said to myself, ‘My God, this is an organism that basically we can’t treat. ’ † Much of the toxic social climate we experience today comes to us at the hands of modern technology. Who can dispute the widespread conviction that television has had a deleterious effect on culture? It is a waster of time, numbing minds and killing creativity. It has also piped pure filth from a godless and immoral Hollywood into the living rooms of the world. The radio has dispensed anarchy, vulgarity and corruption through the powerful medium of music, especially targeting adolescents and teenagers. In the last decade, pornography has spread wildly throughout the internet, victimizing viewers who would seldom or never come in contact with sexual perversion any other way. Amazingly, these same technologies have transmitted as much or more truth, virtue, goodness and love as they have depravity. How is this possible? Is technology, then, culpable? Innocent? Morally neutral? In The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962), Marshall McLuhan wrote, â€Å"The theme of this book is not that there is anything good or bad about print but that unconsciousness of the effect of any force is a disaster, especially a force that we have made ourselves† (p. 248). Regent University comments â€Å"Insert any technology for the word â€Å"print† and you realize that for McLuhan it is not the content that really matters. In this case it is not even the channel but rather our knowledge and understanding of the medium’s potential impact. † They then ask, â€Å"Is print an amoral technology? Can any technology be amoral? These are issues that must be addressed and answered before we can begin to develop a philosophical system to address the convergence of media and technology, and its impact on society. † I contend that communication technology has the greatest potential for evil of all the developments of modern science. This should not surprise us who are in the business of spreading the gospel. After all, Jesus commissioned the church to â€Å"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations. † The very means and methods used by the church to carry out the work of Christ has been co-opted by Satanic forces to destroy the gospel and spew corruption throughout the world. The advent of the online community was initially envisioned as a dynamic way to connect the inventive genius, the soaring imaginations and the scientific knowledge of individuals, groups, schools and cultures together, thus exponentially multiplying the positive impact they were making on the world. But in the parallel universe of evil, it was also appropriated by malevolent forces to connect with people who shared the same destructive designs. Roger Cohen expresses the same view in the New York Times column of March 10, 2008. â€Å"The main forces in the world today are the modernizing, barrier-breaking sweep of globalization and the tribal reaction to it, which lies in the assertion of religious, national, linguistic, racial or ethnic identity against the unifying technological tide. â€Å"Connection and fragmentation vie. The Internet opens worlds and minds, but also offers opinions to reinforce every prejudice. You’re never alone out there; some idiot will always back you. The online world doesn’t dissolve tribes. It gives them global reach. † The very internet I access to research my topics is simultaneously used to teach people to build bombs, incite hatred, instigate anarchy, commit fraud, buy and sell illicit drugs, learn witchcraft, poison minds and dismantle Christian traditions. More specifically, it provides a way for terrorist organizations to plot destructive acts, devise conspiracies, obtain funding for their violent activities and inspire each other’s dark causes. If this world is facing global chaos and apocalyptic demise, it will undoubtedly be facilitated by the technology now in existence or soon to be developed. Groups of people who otherwise had no way to unify and combine forces to wreak havoc upon the world now find it easy to locate each other and strengthen their hands. One only has to recall the tragedy of September 11, 2001 to know that cell phones and the internet aided nineteen terrorists to coordinate their diabolical plan. Without the assistance of technology, their deed would not have been possible or would have been infinitely more difficult to carry out. Technology may not be inherently evil, but neither is it inherently good. We are unforgivably naive to trust in scientific advances to spread the gospel or do the work of the church. Technology certainly will never be our savior. In fact, the future holocaust it will most assuredly precipitate may well eclipse any good that it has ever done for us. The best gifts to mankind do not come from himself, but from God. Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. † James 1:17. This warning may find application at the local congregational level where churches are growing increasingly dependent upon technology for worship, singing, preaching and witnessing. But technology in the larger arena of the world needs to be viewed by the church as susp ect. It’s potential for evil means that it will never be the best friend of the church. Let us use it, work it and enjoy it. Let us also keep it at arms length, distant from our souls. We do not need computers, cell phones, radios, televisions, headphones, iPods, CD’s, DVD’s, satellites, telescopes or any other technological devices to have a meaningful relationship with God. Paul’s Mars Hill sermon said this, â€Å"That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: For in him we live, and move, and have our being. † Acts 17:27-28. The greatest technology to ever come to man may be the glorified body that God has prepared for them that love him. How close will that body allow us to be to God in a physiological sense? I’m not sure, but I do know what the scripture says. â€Å"Dear friends, now we are children of God, and what we will be has not yet been made known. But we know that when he appears, we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is. † 1 John 3:2. (NIV) That’s the technological advance that excites me more than any other. In an instant, all worldly innovations will be rendered obsolete. We must not sell ourselves short by losing our soul to earthly things.

The Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8

The Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Lord Of The Flies Chapter 8 Goldings Lord Of The Flies is based on an island after the second world war. Through-out the novel, Golding treats the island as a microcosm of the war. Within this is microcosm, the island commences as a utopia but it is not until chapter 8 when it gradually evolves into a dystopia as the ultimate battle for jealousy and power breaks out. The modification and degradation in certain characters behaviour from their normal life of civilization makes chapter 8 key to Goldings Lord Of The Flies . It is the main chapter in which democracy is demolished, savagery kicks in and the definitive chapter in which Simon has the ultimate encounter with the Lord Of The Flies. I will explore Goldings use of symbolism, plot, imagery, language, Christian morals, setting, themes and story structure as well as the novels overall historical context to establish the fact that chapter 8 is the most significant chapter to the novel as a whole. This is the vital episode in which Ralph experiences difficulties dealing with the beast. He acknowledges its existence and in doing so spreads fear amongst the other boys. This is illustrated when Ralph portrays the beast as having teeth and big black eyes. Ralph instantly decides that fighting the beast is not an option; leaving the boys with no alternative than to hide from the beast and live under its shadow. Ralphs fear about the beast is conveyed in his own words for the preliminary time in chapter 8, expressing the chapters great magnitude and relevance. As evidenced in the above quotations, it is in chapter 8 that the beast is embellished and made to seem scarier than reality, again showing the chapters eloquence. This powerful section centres on Ralphs pessimism which contributes to his poor management of the beast. He does not appreciate that the littluns take him seriously and visualise the news as a sign for panic. Ralph explains, I dont think wed ever fight a thing that size, honestly, you know. Wed talk, but we wouldnt fight a tiger. Wed hide. Even Jack ud hide. Ralphs apathy is conveyed because he makes himself believe that his hopes are slim. From Ralphs language, the reader and other characters become under the impression that the beast is huge and can not be fought. Here, the key notion which makes chapter 8 substantial is that Ralph injects pain and fear into the unstable community instead of calming them. Ralphs priority is evacuating the island rather than confronting the beast. This is illustrated when Ralph says As long as theres light were brave enough. But then? And now that thing squats by the fire as though it didnt want us to be rescued So we cant have a signal fire Were beaten. The reader comprehends the boys inability of coping with darkness because of their strong fear of the beast. Little do the boys know, that the beast is living inside them like a parasite which can not live on its own but is in need of a host to live in. This is momentous to chapter 8 because we learn that Ralphs desire is not to stay on the island or integrate himself into the island in order to avoid mingling with the beast. Throughout chapter 8, the conch acts as a symbol of authority and order. At the beginning of the chapter, the conch glimmered among the trees. This is pivotal to chapter 8 because the glimmering of the conch confirms its importance and the way it stands out in nature, symbolises how right actions stand out from wrong actions. From the beginning of the book, the conch takes the place of civilization and democracy which are clearly two social aspects which the island lacks after the destruction of the conch. It is because of the conchs destruction or in other words the destruction of authority, that degradation and an uncivilized atmosphere are the shocking result. Jack blows the conch and calls a meeting at the start of chapter 8. This makes the chapter especially significant because normally, Jack has a certain disregard for the rules but however it is in this chapter that he uses the conch and applies the rules for his own benefit. Jack makes negative comments in the meeting about Ralph like, Ralph said my hunters are no good, Hes like piggyhe isnt a proper chiefhes a coward himself Hes not a hunter. Hed never have got us meat He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing, He competes with Ralph for leadership, which is unmistakably a direct challenge and describes Ralph as not a prefect which is the last reference to the boys previous school life. This is especially portrayed in chapter 8 because Jack attempts undermining Ralph in order to attract the littluns to his own life style. He also capitalises on the appearance of the beast, although he himself is scared of its shadowy presence too. However, he realises that the grou ps faith in Ralph is ever decreasing because of the fear and instability of the beast on the island. Jack reacts very violently to the beast, but does not aim his anger at the beast; instead he aims it at Ralphs leadership and at hunting. He has bloodlust and loves to hunt and kill, the food is merely a by-product of the adrenaline that it gives him to hunt, chase and kill another animal. He has passed his passion onto his hunters. This is predominantly shown in the chapter when Golding mentions that, The hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood This is particularly pivotal to chapter 8 because he uses the possibility of pacifying the beast as a way of seducing the boys to what he wants them to do. He uses the promise of exciting hunting, brilliant feasts and most of all, the promise that the beast will not bother them and the promise that the beast will cease to be a constant point of fear for the boys. Simon has a diverse reaction to the beast compared to the other boys in the novel. This is especially expressed in chapter 8 because it is when Simon instinctively knows that the beast is something that has manifested itself in the heads, hearts and minds of the boys, giving them a focus for their fear. He endeavours to disprove the beasts existence by climbing the mountain and discovering what it was that Ralph and Jack saw; I thought there might be something to do, something we- again the pressure of the assembly took his voice away I think we ought to climb the mountain What else is there to do? Simon climbs the mountain and his theory is proven, when he locates a dead parachutist and encounters the pigs head. This attests that Simons predictions about the existence of a physical beast were right. This is crucial to chapter 8 because Simons Christ-like figure is revealed. The imperative confrontation between Simon and the Lord of the Flies takes place in chapter 8 showing the chapters even greater magnitude. When Simon confronts the Lord of the Flies, it is just a pigs head on a stick, which Jack had stuck into the ground in Simons special retreat. However, when Simon is speaking to it he doesnt see it as a pigs head; he interprets it as evil. When the Lord of the Flies is talking to Simon, the dialogue is like a schoolmaster is telling him off. You are a silly little boy just a silly ignorant little boy. The Lord Of The Flies intentionally talks in this manner to try overpowering Simons thoughts and mind and acts as if he knows better. The pigs head then progresses by instructing Simon to go and socialise with the other boys, or they will think he is crazy. Youd better run off and play with the others. You dont want Ralph to think youre batty, do you? Overall, in this vital episode, The Lord of the Flies starts forcing Simon into thinking that no one on the island likes him. This is principally illustrated in chapter 8 because the Lord of the Flies tries to affect Simons thoughts by making him socialise with the evil boys. The beast attempts taking control of Simon by saying, There isnt anyone to help you. Only me. And Im the Beast. Simons reaction to this is to shout insults at the pigs head. Pigs head on a stick! This confirms that Simon understands that this is all it is. The Lord Of The Flies attempts gaining Simons obedience. This is ironic because it is similar to what happens to Jesus, making chapter 8 religiously momentous as well. Subsequently, the Lord of the Flies informs Simon that he cant kill it. The beast sarcastically says, Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! This section is even more relevant because the Lord Of The Flies tries to embed its presence inside Simons head by declaring its state of immortality. The island itself, particularly chapter 8, functions as a kind of Garden of Eden that is gradually corrupted by the introduction of evil. The Lord of the Flies may be seen as a symbol for the devil, since it works to promote evil among mankind. An example of this is when the Lord of the Flies tells Simon to, Get back to the others. This promotes evil because the other boys evil will affect Simon. Chapter 8 is very considerable because it is when Simon is faced with the ethical reality of the novel and is killed sacrificially as a consequence of having discovered the truth. In chapter 8, Golding conveys that Simons life has strong parallels with that of Jesus which is a very pivotal part of the chapter. His conversation with the Lord of the Flies mirrors the confrontation between Christ and the devil in Christian theology. There are unfortunate consequences to Simons death in that the island is thrown into a deeper network of misery and unhappiness. The beast says to Simon, Arent you afraid of me? and You dont want Ralph to think youre batty do you? Simons wisdom is portrayed through the concept that he does not believe and act by the beasts words, indicating the importance and great significance of chapter 8 to the novel. To conclude, Chapter 8 is key to Goldings Lord Of The Flies because it is where the instability of Jack, Piggy and Ralph an the island is conveyed. This has strong comparisons with peoples physical and emotional feelings during World War 2. Additionally, being under immense pressure of the gradual immersion of a dystopia, some of the boys like Ralph loose control but others like Jack capitalise on the fear of the littluns. This is echoed in the war when Hitler capitalises on the fear of the other countries and the public. Golding also conveys the notion of fear in chapter 8 making the chapter significant. The chapter is also prophetic because of Simons death. Finally, Golding explains the divisions within the group of children as a symbol of destruction of order and authority. This originates from the biblical reference of Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to destruction. (Mathew 12.25) The above points tie together to prove the chapters eloquence to the novel as a whol e.

The Fall of the House of Usher :: essays research papers

In "The Fall of the House of Usher", Poe uses the life-like characteristics of the decaying house of Usher as a device for giving the house a supernatural atmosphere. This not only makes the story act upon the reader in a grabbing way, but it also creates an impression of fear, mystery and horror, typical for Poe’s literary works. For example, from the very beginning of the story, the reader can tell that there is something unusual and bizarre about the old house. As the narrator approaches the home of his long-time friend, Roderick Usher, he refers to the house as the "melancholy House of Usher". This description in the beginning of the story prepares the reader for the mysterious events that will follow. Upon looking at the building, he even feels some sense of intolerable darkness which pervades his heart. The windows appear to be "vacant† and "eye-like† as if watching at the narrator and wandering through his mind. With an insecure feeling he goes to observe the "rank sedges," and the "black and lurid tarn," in which he sees the reflection of the house. He later says, "when I again uplifted my eyes to the house itself, from its image in the pool, there grew a strange fancy...". Although, the narrator tries to view everything he sees in a rationa l manner, upon seeing the house and its surroundings, he has an elevated sense of dread. He goes on to say that, "about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity". This statement indicates that perhaps the house does indeed have some thrilling and spiritual nature. The narrator observes the details of the house once more and finds that the house has mold growing all over it and the masonry of the building is decaying. He says, that " there appeared to be a wild inconsistency between its still perfect adaptation of parts, and the utterly porous, and evidently decayed condition of the individual stones". This observation suggests that perhaps something eerie is holding the house whole, otherwise it would have fallen to the ground long ago. With this description, the house is also represented as a witness of many fates and a long period of history. It is as a mute observer of the time, knowing more, tha n anybody who lives in there. Later on, when the narrator enters the house, he sees its inside as well as the odd behavior and personality of its inhabitants and is increasingly convinced that the house has some strange impact on the people living in it.

What is the function of racist stereotype in Blackface Minstrelsy? Essa

Blackface minstrelsy became a popular form of entertainment in the early nineteenth century. Predominately, minstrel shows were performed to crowds of white working class men, by white actors who would use burnt cork, or shoe polish to blacken their skin and would create racist stereotyped characters of black people. These characters functioned to instill conceptions of white superiority into popular culture whilst at the same time oppressing black society. The characters invented were often portrayed as childlike, unintelligent and dependent on the civilisation of white society in the form of slavery. By examining the changes that minstrelsy underwent during the nineteenth century, the function that the racist stereotypes performed will become evident. Blackface minstrelsy was an established nineteenth century form of onstage entertainment most popular in the northern states of America which intentionally created exaggerated stereotypes of black people for prominently white working class male audiences . White performers would blacken their faces with burnt cork or black grease and perform skits, songs and dances and act out their image of black people. Rather than present an accurate depiction of African Americans and authentic portrayals of the qualities of ‘negro’ life, minstrelsy reflected the ideas and conceptions of white society . The content of the shows however was altered to create images of blacks and slaves that suited white northern public opinion . White actors now had the opportunity to manipulate black identity and reinforce notions of white superiority, and by portraying blacks as uncivilised it reinforced the need for slavery. This white produced black identity served to reinforce racial differences, and all... ... Cain: Blackface performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Massachusettes: Havard College. Lott, E. (1993) Love and theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. Pfeiffer, K. (2002) Race passing and American Individualism. Massachusettes: University of Massachusetts Press. Pieterse , J. (1992) White on Black Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. London: Yale University Press. Sussman, R. (2001) The Carnavalizing of race. New York: Columbia University press. Toll, R. (1971) From Folktype to Stereotype: Images of Slaves in Antebellum Minstrelsy . Indiana: Indiana University press. Watkins, M. (1994) On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor. New York: Oxford University Press.

‘Araby’ by James Joyce Essay

What impression of Dublin and its people does James Joyce give in his story ‘Araby’? James Augustine Alrysius Joyce, an Irish writer, was born in Dublin 2nd February 1882 and died in Zurich, Switzerland 13th January 1941. He was born into a well-off Catholic family and was the eldest surviving child; two of his siblings died of typhoid. Joyce was originally educated at Clongowes Wood College, a boarding school in County Kildare, which he left at the age of 6 because his father could no longer pay the fees. James Joyce studied at home for a brief period of time before being offered a place in the Jesuits’ Dublin School. At the age of 16 he rejected Catholicism which changed his life completely. At the age of 20, after graduating from the UDC (University College Dublin) he left for Paris and tried studying different occupations like teaching, journalism and even a doctor. At the age of 21 he returned to Ireland after receiving news that his mother was diagnosed with cancer. After she had died James Joyce became a heavy drinker but gradually stopped as he got over her death. He then stayed in Dublin for a period of time from 1904-1907 writing the â€Å"Dubliners† and also started many other books. The book â€Å"Dubliners† is a collection of short stories and â€Å"Araby†, like all of them, have â€Å"paralysis† meaning that they can’t leave Dublin. For example in the short story â€Å"Clay† Maria has the chance to make a new life and leave Dublin but turns it down because she is too scared. This also occurs in â€Å"A Painful Case† and â€Å"Eveline†, as they don’t have to courage to leave Dublin. In the short story â€Å"The Boarding House†, Bob Doran wishes to leave Dublin but can’t because he is trapped inside marriage. Most of the short stories, unlike â€Å"Araby†, go in circles, for instance, â€Å"Two Gallants† when Lenehan just wanders around Dublin. This also occurs in â€Å"The Dead† because a horse just goes around and around in circles, and also in â€Å"An Encounter† when a pervert tries to stop but end back in the same perverted world. At the end of the short stories James Joyce always write an epiphany, which is a revelation, but in all but one story the revelation is only noticed by the reader but in â€Å"Araby† both the reader and the protagonist – the protagonist is the main character – have an epiphany – an epiphany is a moment of revelation, usually at the end of the story. In the streets of Dublin James Joyce writes them as being â€Å"blind†, meaning that it’s a dead end and there is nothingness, it also means that you can’t escape and there is nowhere to go (there is no way of getting out of Dublin). The main reason is that there is no vision, meaning that you can’t see how terrible and run down Ireland really is. He describes all things by the colours â€Å"brown† and â€Å"yellow† that symbolises human excrements. He writes â€Å"the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns†, the word â€Å"feeble† shows that the light is not even strong enough to even penetrate the darkness. â€Å"Jostled by drunken men and bargaining women†, the word bargaining in this case can mean two things. The first meaning of it is that they are just selling items and changing the prices of them, and the second meaning is that the women are bargaining for their bodies, they are prostitutes. There are â⠂¬Å"street singers† who sing about the problems in Ireland. Also that weather is always extremely violent, and this is shown by the words â€Å"cold air stung us†, â€Å"rain impinge upon the earth† and â€Å"the air was pitilessly raw†. Religion in Dublin is exceedingly poor. In the second paragraph it says â€Å"a priest, had died† showing that the faith in Dublin has disappeared off the face of the earth. Inside the house of the dead priest there were books that were â€Å"curled and damp† meaning that the interest in them was lost. The books were â€Å"The Abbot† which is a religious story, â€Å"The Devout Communicant† which is a book on how to receive Holy Communion well and the last one â€Å"The Memoirs of Vidocq† which is about a thief. The books are muddled up indicating that religion in Ireland is a sham. When it talks about the priest again it first says â€Å"very charitable priest† making you think that the priest was a good man, and suddenly says â€Å"in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister† presenting the complete opposite. This means that the priest was only charitable went he knew he was dieing and he wasn’t a nice man. In the dead priest’s â€Å"wild garden† there is an apple tree in the centre signifying the Garden of Eden which is a source of evil. In a bush in the garden, there is a â€Å"rusty bicycle-pump†, this can denote three things. The first description of the bicycle-pump is that there is no escape because, if you can’t pump up your tires, then you can’t go anywhere. The second explanation represents the snake, or Satan, in the Garden of Eden because the pump is approximately the same size a snake. The last reason, symbolizes a heart, meaning that, because the heart is not pumping, there is no love or life in Dublin, symbolizing that everything is hopeless. A good part in the story when you know that religion is just a phoney in Dublin is when the boy’s Aunt says â€Å"I’m afraid you may have to put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord† actually saying that he should just forget about it in a nasty way. Although she I using religious word she is using them without kindness, meaning that she is not caring about him. The family life in Dublin isn’t very pleasant either. In the beginning of the book, the boy says â€Å"if my Uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow† indicating that he doesn’t live with his parents, and also that he’s scared of him. On the night of the bazaar his Uncle came home late, â€Å"I heard him talking to himself† meaning he was obviously drunk and had forgotten all about Araby. The love in Dublin is bland. For the boy he loves and stalks â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. She is called thins because he doesn’t actually know her name so he names her â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. He defines her as â€Å"light† because he thinks of Dublin as the dark and Mangan’s sister as a light to brighten up Dublin. When he looks at her â€Å"her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side†, she is describes as lively and everyone else is not. â€Å"Followed her†, or stalking her is the meaning, â€Å"I kept her ‘brown’ figure always in my eye†, â€Å"brown† indicating that she is actually just an ordinary person with nothing special about her. Within one paragraph there are five words â€Å"chalice†, â€Å"prayers†, â€Å"praises†, â€Å"tears† and â€Å"adoration†, he describes her with religious word, and because he left Catholicism she is now his secular religion (one without God). She is also like music to his ears because it says â€Å"my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires†. Also showing that he uses her in a secular religion is a sentence saying â€Å"I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: ‘O love! O love! many times† showing that he worships her a lot. â€Å"At last she spoke to me†, this is the moment he was waiting for the whole time. She then talks about â€Å"Araby† and says she can’t go. While she was talking to him â€Å"she turned a sliver bracelet†, silver indicating bright. In two sentences he uses six words to describe how radiant and bright she is and how drawn he is to her, they are â€Å"light†, â€Å"lamp†, â€Å"white†, â€Å"lit†, â€Å"lit† and â€Å"†white†, repeating â€Å"white† and â€Å"lit†. â€Å"Waking and sleep thoughts† and â€Å"chafed against the work of school† imply that he can’t do anything besides thinking about Araby and Mangan’s sister, and it also says â€Å"I strove to read† hinting the same thing. â€Å"Lie at the window† signals that he stalks and spies on Mangan’s sister, and he is â€Å"singing† because he is happy about getting Mangan’s sister a present. Lastly he has a sexual desire for Mangan’s sister because it says â€Å"border below the dress† suggesting that he is growing quite fast and is into the puberty stage of life. â€Å"Araby† is a fair or, a â€Å"bazaar† – which is a foreign word from the east. In the boy’s eyes, â€Å"Araby† is an exotic place that gets away from all the darkness of Dublin. Also Araby is close to the word Arabia which is in the east signifying that it’s exotic, rich. And because it is in the east it signifies that the sunrise comes from the east, representing a new day, a new hope, a new light. Also Jesus resurrected in the east, epitomizing a new beginning or day. When he eventually arrives to Araby, he goes around the stalls and finds that most of them are closed. There is one that is open but when he sees the people at the stall he discovers they all speak in English accents indicating that the bazaar is not exotic at all. A â€Å"young lady†, who is probably a prostitute, because she is seen flirting with two men at the same time, asks the boy if he wants to buy anything but he says â€Å"no, thank you†. And from this, all of his dreams end because, the items are too expensive and mundane. At the end of the story there is an epiphany, which is the moment of revelation, to both the reader and the protagonist, because usually the epiphany is only recognisable to the reader. On the second from last paragraph at the end it says â€Å"complete darkness† signifying that all hope is gone. The whole of the last paragraph says â€Å"gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger†, this is the exact moment when he realises that all Dublin was in vain and all he did was in vain. He figures out from this that there actually is no love, no romance and no chivalry.